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Question: Discuss about the Effects of Antenatal Exercise on Pregnant Women. Answer: Introduction It is common for every woman to face various complexities during the time of the pregnancy and can have permanent damage to the body of the women. The weight of the foetus can have excessive pressures on the pelvic region of the women and can result in the muscle cramp and also have poor movement in the circulation of the blood there by causing varicose of the vein along with oedema. Hence, in order to prevent the damage of the pelvic muscle and bone, it is essential for every pregnant woman to follow certain strict schedule of physical activities and exercise, which can help to deal with all the complexities in the pelvic region of the pregnant individual. The pelvic anatomy forms a major part of the physiology of the human. There are many previously conducted research work that are done in evaluating the value of the antenatal exercises in the context of the pregnant mother. The current research work aims to critically evaluate the effects of the antenatal exercises that can have positive effects on the health condition of the women, who is expected to become mother. The relevant current literature about the positive effects of antenatal exercises is discussed, which is followed by proposed methods and data analysis that needs to be applied for the research work. Background and Literature review The aim of the current section is to discuss all the relevant literature that is needed in the context of the research work. The effect of an antenatal physical exercise on the obese and overweight pregnant women Nascimento et al. (2011) have mentioned about the concerns that are related with the total rise in the number of obese and overweight patients that is responsible for causing extra physical complexities during the time of pregnancy. According to the parameters of the World Health Organization the level of obesity among an individual can be measured with the help of Body mass index ratio, where anything above 30 kg per square meter is considered to be in the mode of obesity. Dodd et al. (2010) have added in the context that obesity during the time of pregnancy can have extra risks to both the condition of the women and also upon the unborn foetus. Due to the fact of the growing baby and the weight is causing extra pressure on the pelvic region of the mother, it is important in this condition to have the extra cautious. There is also high level of complicacy during the time of delivery of the baby for the fact that the growth of the foetus do not occurs normally due to the excess amount of fats that are present in the pelvic region of the uterus of the mother. The complexity can be associated with the gastrointestinal development can cause diabetes mellitus. The problems of obesity within the mother can have complications in the newly developed baby and can cause metabolic syndrome and macro dome. There can be also high level of complications in the brain development of the child that can cause weak memory and poor cognitive development. According to Oteng-Ntim et al. (2012), it is important in the context that there are no such proper treatment techniques that can help the developing mother to overcome these health challenges after the delivery of the baby is complete. Hence, it is important for the mother to adopt regular exercises that can them to minimize the adverse effects that are caused upon the children. Among all the intervention methods, it can be said that the physical exercise is the best way to resolve the issues related to the overweight and obesity. Choi et al. (2013) have also recommended about the importance of the change of the lifestyle that can help to deal with all the issues related to obesity and overweight during the time of pregnancy. Physical Exercise during Pregnancy According to the findings of Thangaratinam et al. (2012), the women, who are physically more active during the time of pregnancy has the chance of having more healthy baby. On the other hand, Quinlivan et al. (2011) have highlighted about the fact that it is important for the expected mother to pay extra attention and take necessary precautions while doing excursive during the time of pregnancy as there are risks of causing permanent damage to the foetus and cause permanent damage to the brain development. Light excursive are the one that needs to be adopted that do not cause much exhaustion. Providing accurate and correct information about the physical exercise related the development and various times of pregnancy is one of the most important aspects in the given case. The Antenatal care is one of the most effective forms of physical exercise advice care that is needed for the pregnant women. These types of exercise can have the most effective positive effects on the physical health on the pregnant ladies as it causes relaxation to the pelvic region of the women and help them to relax the pressure that is caused due to the weight of the growing child (Sui et al. 2012). The women who have low bone mineral density however, gas the risk that is caused due to the fact that they do not have the intensity to bear the weight of the growing child. The women, who have been suffering from the obesity and overweight problems also, may face challenge to practice the antenatal exercise as they have the risks that can further damage the pelvic bones of the individual. The home based intervention that can have the effects of the physical exercise, which can have relaxing attitude towards every pregnant woman. As it is not possible for the women to travel to any locations, it is important for them in the context to provide home based physical inversions that is need for their situation. The level and the intensity of the physical exercise will also depends on the stage of the frequency as due to the growing size of the baby, it is not possible for the mother to move freely and perform the physical activity movement. Effects of Physical activities by the pregnant women According to the guidelines of the American College of Obstetrician and Guidelines, it is recommended for the every physically fit pregnant woman to regularly have the habit of physical exercise, which will help them to maintain both physical and mental well-being. During the period of pregnancy, it is common for every women to have mood swings disorders as it is a unique period of every womens life due to the fact that the level of various hormones are highly altered, which is needed to take care of the needs of the developing foetus. The negative emotional thoughts can have serious effects on the mental behaviour of the women. With the help of the physical exercise on regular levels, it is possible to deal with the ideas of the mental health issues within women (Renault et al. 2014). The psychological and mental well-being of the individual during the time of pregnancy is essential to avoid all forms of complications and also ensure good health of the children. With the help of the antenatal exercises it is possible to deal with all the major mental and psychological challenges of the pregnant woman. The psychological conditions of the women also depends on the stage of the pregnancy and thus the level of antenatal exercises that needs to be practiced also depends on the types of exact psychological stage of the women. Hence, one of the main advantages of the antenatal exercises is that it can be applied at every stage of the pregnancy according to the needs and the demand of the pregnant lady. Moreover, due to the fact that the antenatal exercises has not been shown to have any side-effects, it is one of the most scientifically proven ways to deal with the all levels of complications that are associated during the time of pregnancy. It is also evident for the fa cts that regular practice of the antenatal exercises can also improve upon the physical health condition of the women. Pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy It is the duty of all pregnant ladies to deal with all the consequences of the complications that is common during the time of pregnancy. According to Al Mamun et al. (2014), there is huge pressure that is exerted on the pelvic muscle that can sustain the weight of the growing baby. All the pelvic organs are well supported with the help of the pelvic muscle that has the duty to deal with the consequence of the extra pressure during the time of pregnancy. The pelvic floor muscles are the main composition of the pelvic joints that has the ability to support the weight of the growing baby. The pelvic floor muscle stretches like a muscular trampoline from the area of tailbone till the public bone. The practice of the antenatal exercises is proved to be the best ways to deal with the healthy pelvic muscle for the pregnant lady that can ensure that growth rate of the foetus occurs properly and there are no complications in the overall process. Problem Statement and Research questions The problem for this research is the complications that are faced by the women during the time of pregnancy due to excessive pressure in the pelvic muscle. What are the effects and importance of physical exercises on the pregnant lady? What are the effects of the antenatal exercises that can have positive effects on the health status of both mother and her unborn child? What are risks that are associated with the antenatal exercises that harm the health of both mother and her unborn child? Methodology The aim of the methodology section is to highlight the methods and the techniques that are used to conduct the resect work and also highlight the importance of research techniques that are being applied in the given research work. In this particular research work, the investigators will use certain fixed Research Design that is perfect for the analysis of the given research work. The methodology section also includes the data collection and data analysis portion which is applied to evaluate the importance of antenatal exercise for pregnant women. Research Design The design of the research has to be selected on the basis of knowledge and information that are available with the researcher. In general the researchers usually have six types of Research Design that can we use to conduct any academic work. The Research Design provides the overall strategy and techniques that needs to be integrated for applying in the practical research work. It is also important to apply coherent and logical ways to actively address the issues related to the research work. The overall blueprint of the research along with data collection techniques needs to be incorporated within the Research Design section. Lady search design also decides the data collection techniques and also analysis. The type of Research Design depends on the area of the subject of the research and also the research problem. The type of the Research Design applied also depends on the amount of data and information available in the particular domain of research work. Bauer (2014) has mentioned about the descriptive Research Design where various techniques are used to collect data and also make proper analysis. In this case the data are collected from observational techniques which help in the in-depth analysis of the research area. This type of Research Design is mainly used in analysis and also to deal with the data that are available from the case study. There is also the semi experimental Research Design that is used for research work related to field experiment and details scientific work. In this case the data collected from the field work using various scientific techniques and observational methods. The experimental Research Design on the other hand is based on examining random assignment that is related to the subject area of research. Literature review technique of Research Design is used in systematic review in order to collect data from previously conducted research work. In this technique the data that are collected in the previous be conducted research work is analysed and critically evaluated in order to make accurate conclusion for the research work. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal exercise for pregnant women in order to strengthen their pelvic floor muscle there are two types of Research Design that is being applied. With the help of systemic review it will be possible for the researcher to critically evaluate the previously conducted research work related to the exercise of women that is done during the time of pregnancy. With the help of Semi experimental research design techniques, it is possible to collect data from the pregnant women and get proper idea about the effectiveness of antenatal exercise. Research philosophy Lushey and Munro (2015) have mentioned about the importance of research philosophy in the context of relevant knowledge that are being applied in the research work. The positivism research philosophy helps to relate the collected data about the research topic along with previously use data. There is also the realism philosophy which uses general data of human perception to relate with the collected data of the research work. As the positivism philosophy is based on scientific evaluation methods and proper reliable Data Collection techniques, the current research work will use this philosophy in order to relate the data of the effects of different physical exercise on pregnant women. Research approach The two types of research approach that are mainly used by researchers include deductive and inductive approach. The Detective research approach uses general and specific modes in order to carry out and make conclusion about the research work. On the other hand inductive research approach uses new theories and models that can be applied to properly analyse the data (Bryman and Bell 2014). In the given case, both inductive and deductive mode of research approach is being applied in order to properly evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise on pregnant women. Participants and Sampling the probability sampling techniques, the exact size of the sample is not fixed and the data is collected on random basis that are needed in the given case (Vaioleti 2016). On the other hand, in case of the non-probability sampling methods, the sample size is fixed from the beginning and the researcher will approach only the particular sample size in order to collect definite and fixed data. In the given research work the deserted village by non-probability sampling technique and will collect data only from 50 pregnant women and inquired them about their opinion regarding the physical exercises that are practiced during the time of pregnancy. The researchers will also select pregnant women at various stages of the pregnancy which will help them to better understand the effectiveness of physical exercise depending on particular stage of pregnancy. The researcher will also visit the Maternity ward unit obtain local hospitals in order to evaluate the condition and health status of new-born babies which will help them to evaluate the effect of physical exercise on the health of new-born babies. Data Collection Methods The collection of the data is the most important part of the research, which will help in the matters related to the data analysis and making suitable conclusion. There are 2 types of Data Collection techniques that can be used by the researchers. In primary data collection method information is directly collected from the sample size which includes by means of survey and interview (Silverman 2016). It is also important to select the questionnaires for the interview and survey. On the other hand the secondary data is collected from previously conducted research work of the same topic and relevant data from the past can pass be collected? In the current research for the researcher will collect both primary and secondary data which will help in the analysis of effects of antenatal exercise on the pelvic strengthening muscle of pregnant women. Data Analysis In the given research for work both quantitative and qualitative method of data analysis will be applied in order to properly evaluate the primary and secondary data that is collected from the pregnant women and also previously conducted research work. By proper application of data analysis techniques it will be possible for the research at to accurately predict the effects of antenatal exercise in pregnant women. Rigour The rigour of a research work ensure that only genuine and high quality data are being used for analysis and make conclusion on the research topic. In order to ensure that only scientific mode of data collected in the current research work the investigators have ensure proper data being collected from pregnant women who regularly practices antenatal exercise regularly by taking proper precautions and advice from physiotherapist. Ethical Issues The Ethics of the research work ensures that there are no unfair modes of research practice being applied to carry out the research work. In the current research work the investigators must ensure that proper care been taken off the pregnant women when collecting data from them and also ensure not to ask them any personal questions about their physical conditions. They also cannot import force upon any participants during the time they are denied of providing an answer Limitations The main limitation of the research work is that it is not possible for the investigators to collect detailed information about pregnant women as most of them will not be comfortable to share personal information. Hence, the research work and data analysis will have to be made with limited number of information. Conclusion The practice of the antenatal exercise is one of the best ways to ensure that the pelvic floor muscle of the pregnant women remains healthy. However, it is important to consider the fact that it is advisable to take help consultation from the psychotherapist, in order to practice any form of physical exercise during the time of pregnancy and also ensure that the health of both the mother and the unborn baby remains healthy. The current research work uses both primary and secondary data to evaluate the effects of the antenatal exercise on the pregnant women and also evaluate its effect on the pelvic floor muscle of the pregnant lady. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis research method is used in order to properly evaluate the collected data. Reference Al Mammon, A., Lawlor, D.A., Alati, R., O'callaghan, M.J., Williams, G.M. and Najman, J.M., 2006. Does maternal smoking during pregnancy have a direct effect on future offspring obesity? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. American journal of epidemiology, 164(4), pp.317-325. Bauer, G.R., 2014. 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